博客园_喜欢晒太阳的草转战C++http://feed.cnblogs.com/blog/u/15704/rss2011-02-15T05:44:35Z喜欢晒太阳的草http://www.cnblogs.com/gre-grass/CNBlogs BlogServerhttp://www.cnblogs.com/gre-grass/archive/2011/02/15/1955151.htmlVC编写的程序不能在其他机器上运行的解决方案转载自：http://www.cnblogs.com/killmyday/articles/1394596.html有的时候，你在Visual C++上面经过好几个月的辛勤努力，终于将程序编写完成并且测试完毕，然而当你试图在客户的发布机上运行刚写好的程序时，有可能会碰到类似下面的错误，操作系统告诉你“由于应用程序配置不正确，应用程序未能启动。重新安装应用程序可能会纠正这个问题”：一般情况下，这个问题都是由于程序不能找到所需要的C运行库（CRT）而引起的。在Windows XP SP2以后，Windows引入了Side-by-Side执行的概念，这个概念本来是.NET提出2011-02-15T05:45:00Z2011-02-15T05:45:00Z喜欢晒太阳的草http://www.cnblogs.com/gre-grass/<p>转载自：<a href="http://www.cnblogs.com/killmyday/articles/1394596.html">http://www.cnblogs.com/killmyday/articles/1394596.html</a></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: small"><font size="2"><span style="font-family: 宋体">有的时候，你在</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">Visual C++</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">上面经过好几个月的辛勤努力，终于将程序编写完成并且测试完毕，然而当你试图在客户的发布机上运行刚写好的程序时，有可能会碰到类似下面的错误，操作系统告诉你“由于应用程序配置不正确，应用程序未能启动。重新安装应用程序可能会纠正这个问题”：</span></font></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: small"><span style="font-family: 宋体"><font size="2"><img border="0" alt="" src="http://images.cnblogs.com/cnblogs_com/killmyday/configurationerror.png" width="546" height="135" /></font></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: small"><font size="2"><span style="font-family: 宋体">一般情况下，这个问题都是由于程序不能找到所需要的</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">C</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">运行库（</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">CRT</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">）而引起的。</span></font></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: small"><font size="2"><span style="font-family: 宋体">在</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">Windows XP SP2</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">以后，</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">Windows</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">引入了</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">Side-by-Side</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">执行的概念，这个概念本来是</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">.NET</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">提出来的，但是</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">Windows</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">后来将这个概念集成到操作系统层面上来了。大家都应该知道</span></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DLL_hell"><span style="font-family: Calibri"><font size="2">Dll Hell</font></span></a></span><span style="font-family: 宋体">的问题，为了解决</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DLL_hell"><span style="font-family: Calibri">Dll Hell</span></a><span style="font-family: 宋体">的问题，</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">Side-By-Side</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">提出不同版本的</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">dll</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">文件可以同时存在于同一个系统里面，而且依赖于不同版本</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">dll</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">的应用程序在运行的时候可以使用到它当初被编译生成的</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">dll</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">。前面的话，有点绕，举个例子：</span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -21pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: small"><font size="2">1.</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small"><font size="2"><span style="font-family: 宋体">假定你编写了一个</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">C++</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">程序</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">A</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">，是使用</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">MFC 8.0</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">（这个版本是随着</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">Visual Studio 2005</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">）发布的。</span></font></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -21pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: small"><font size="2">2.</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small"><font size="2"><span style="font-family: 宋体">之后你的机器升级了</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">Visual Studio</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">的版本，从</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">2005</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">升级到</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">2008</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">，</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">2008</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">的</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">MFC</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">库是</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">9.0</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">版本的，这个时候你的操作系统里面安装了两个版本的</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">MFC</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">，分别是</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">8.0</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">和</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">9.0</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">。</span></font></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -21pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: small"><font size="2">3.</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small"><font size="2"><span style="font-family: 宋体">你在</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">Visual Studio 2008</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">编写了另外一个</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">C++</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">程序</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">B</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">，</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">B</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">依赖与</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">MFC 9.0</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">。</span></font></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -21pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: small"><font size="2">4.</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small"><font size="2"><span style="font-family: 宋体">如果你运行程序</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">A</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">的话，操作系统会将</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">MFC 8.0</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">加载到</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">A</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">的进程里面。</span></font></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -21pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: small"><font size="2">5.</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small"><font size="2"><span style="font-family: 宋体">如果你这时同时运行程序</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">B</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">，操作系统会将</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">MFC 9.0</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">加载到</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">B</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">的进程里面。这就是</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">Side-by-side</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">的执行概念。</span></font></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size: small"><font size="2"><span style="font-family: 宋体">操作系统之所以能够这样做，是因为它在加载程序</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">A</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">和</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">B</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">之前，除了查看</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">PE</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">格式里面</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">A</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">和</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">B</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">所依赖的</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">Dll</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">信息，都会查看</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">A</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">和</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">B</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">的</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">manifest</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">文件。</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">Manifest</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">文件保存了</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">Windows</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">可执行文件（包括</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">exe</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">和</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">dll</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">文件）要运行起来的环境设置信息，文件名一般是可执行文件的文件全名加上</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">.manifest</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">。例如</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">notepad.exe</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">的</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">manifest</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">文件就应该是</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">notepad.exe.manifest</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">。例外有的程序将</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">manifest</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">文件直接嵌入到可执行文件的资源里面了，这也就是为什么有的时候你看不到程序的</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">manifest</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">文件的原因。通常来说，一个</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">manifest</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">文件的内容如下（</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">test.exe.manifest</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">文件）：</span></font></span></p>
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<p align="left"><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: blue; font-size: 9pt"><?</span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: #a31515; font-size: 9pt">xml</span> <span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: red; font-size: 9pt">version</span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: blue; font-size: 9pt">=</span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt">'<span style="color: blue">1.0</span>' <span style="color: red">encoding</span><span style="color: blue">=</span>'<span style="color: blue">UTF-8</span>' <span style="color: red">standalone</span><span style="color: blue">=</span>'<span style="color: blue">yes</span>'<span style="color: blue">?></span></span></p>
<p align="left"><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: blue; font-size: 9pt"><</span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: #a31515; font-size: 9pt">assembly</span> <span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: red; font-size: 9pt">xmlns</span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: blue; font-size: 9pt">=</span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt">'<span style="color: blue">urn:schemas-microsoft-com:asm.v1</span>' <span style="color: red">manifestVersion</span><span style="color: blue">=</span>'<span style="color: blue">1.0</span>'<span style="color: blue">></span></span></p>
<p align="left"><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: blue; font-size: 9pt"> <</span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: #a31515; font-size: 9pt">trustInfo</span> <span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: red; font-size: 9pt">xmlns</span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: blue; font-size: 9pt">=</span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt">"<span style="color: blue">urn:schemas-microsoft-com:asm.v3</span>"<span style="color: blue">></span></span></p>
<p align="left"><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: blue; font-size: 9pt"> <</span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: #a31515; font-size: 9pt">security</span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: blue; font-size: 9pt">></span></p>
<p align="left"><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: blue; font-size: 9pt"> <</span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: #a31515; font-size: 9pt">requestedPrivileges</span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: blue; font-size: 9pt">></span></p>
<p align="left"><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: blue; font-size: 9pt"> <</span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: #a31515; font-size: 9pt">requestedExecutionLevel</span> <span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: red; font-size: 9pt">level</span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: blue; font-size: 9pt">=</span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt">'<span style="color: blue">asInvoker</span>' <span style="color: red">uiAccess</span><span style="color: blue">=</span>'<span style="color: blue">false</span>'<span style="color: blue"> /></span></span></p>
<p align="left"><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: blue; font-size: 9pt"> </</span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: #a31515; font-size: 9pt">requestedPrivileges</span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: blue; font-size: 9pt">></span></p>
<p align="left"><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: blue; font-size: 9pt"> </</span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: #a31515; font-size: 9pt">security</span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: blue; font-size: 9pt">></span></p>
<p align="left"><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: blue; font-size: 9pt"> </</span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: #a31515; font-size: 9pt">trustInfo</span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: blue; font-size: 9pt">></span></p>
<p align="left"><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: blue; font-size: 9pt"> <</span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: #a31515; font-size: 9pt">dependency</span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: blue; font-size: 9pt">></span></p>
<p align="left"><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: blue; font-size: 9pt"> <</span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: #a31515; font-size: 9pt">dependentAssembly</span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: blue; font-size: 9pt">></span></p>
<p align="left"><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: blue; font-size: 9pt"> <</span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: #a31515; font-size: 9pt">assemblyIdentity</span> <span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: red; font-size: 9pt">type</span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: blue; font-size: 9pt">=</span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt">'<span style="color: blue">win32</span>' <span style="color: red">name</span><span style="color: blue">=</span>'<span style="color: blue">Microsoft.VC90.DebugCRT</span>' <span style="color: red">version</span><span style="color: blue">=</span>'<span style="color: blue">9.0.21022.8</span>'</span></p>
<p align="left"><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: blue; font-size: 9pt"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: red; font-size: 9pt">processorArchitecture</span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: blue; font-size: 9pt">=</span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 9pt">'<span style="color: blue">x86</span>' <span style="color: red">publicKeyToken</span><span style="color: blue">=</span>'<span style="color: blue">1fc8b3b9a1e18e3b</span>'<span style="color: blue"> /></span></span></p>
<p align="left"><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: blue; font-size: 9pt"> </</span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: #a31515; font-size: 9pt">dependentAssembly</span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: blue; font-size: 9pt">></span></p>
<p align="left"><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: blue; font-size: 9pt"> </</span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: #a31515; font-size: 9pt">dependency</span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: blue; font-size: 9pt">></span></p>
<p align="left"><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: blue; font-size: 9pt"></</span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: #a31515; font-size: 9pt">assembly</span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; color: blue; font-size: 9pt">></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<p><span style="font-size: small"><font size="2"><span style="font-family: 宋体">上面的例子里面，就说明这个程序依赖于</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">CRT 9.0</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">，而且是调试版的，</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">CPU</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">架构是</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">32</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">位的</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">CPU</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">。对于将</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">manifest</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">文件嵌入到资源文件的程序我们也有办法看到</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">manifest</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">的信息。</span></font></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -21pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: small"><font size="2">1.</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small"><font size="2"><span style="font-family: 宋体">一种是使用</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">mt.exe</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">（</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">Visual Studio</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">自带的</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">manifest</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">处理程序）：</span></font></span></p>
<p align="center"><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'"><span style="font-size: small"><font size="2">mt -inputresource:test.exe;#1 /out:test.manifest</font></span></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -21pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: small"><font size="2">2.</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small"><font size="2"><span style="font-family: 宋体">另外一种是使用</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">dumpbin</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">程序将整个</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">exe</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">的内容打印到一个文件，然后用文本编辑器打开，搜索</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">Assem</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">字符串样式就能找到</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">manifest</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">信息：</span></font></span></p>
<p align="center"><font size="2"><img border="0" alt="" src="http://images.cnblogs.com/cnblogs_com/killmyday/manifestresource.png" width="529" height="433" /></font> </p>
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<p><strong><span style="font-family: 宋体"><span style="font-size: large"><font size="4">解决方案</font></span></span></strong></p>
<p><span style="font-size: small"><font size="2"><span style="font-family: 宋体">知道了程序依赖于具体哪一个</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">dll</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">以后，你可以将所依赖的</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">dll</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">拷贝到程序的安装文件夹里面，以</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">CRT</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">库绑定失败为例，介绍解决步骤：</span></font></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -21pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: small"><font size="2">1.</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small"><font size="2"><span style="font-family: 宋体">从上例中我们知道程序依赖的</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">Microsoft.VC90.DebugCRT</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">库，版本号是</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">9.0.21022.8</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">，需要</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">32</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">位机器版本的</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">CRT</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">。这个依赖项一般是因为你的程序是调试版，所以</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">Visual Studio</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">在编译的时候，将调试版的</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">CRT</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">加入程序的依赖项。</span></font></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -21pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: small"><font size="2">2.</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small"><font size="2"><span style="font-family: 宋体">从</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">Visual Studio</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">的安装文件夹里面将</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">D:"Program Files"Microsoft Visual Studio 9.0"VC"redist"Debug_NonRedist"x86</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">中的</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">Microsoft.VC90.DebugCRT</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">整个文件夹拷贝到应用程序所在的文件夹里面，注意：</span></font></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -21pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42pt"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: small"><font size="2">a)</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small"><font size="2"><span style="font-family: 宋体">如果你的程序依赖的是</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">32</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">位的</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">CRT</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">，则要拷贝</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">x86</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">文件夹里面的</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">Microsoft.VC90.DebugCRT</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">文件夹，如果是先</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">x64</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">程序，则要拷贝</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">x64</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">文件夹里面。</span></font></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -21pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42pt"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: small"><font size="2">b)</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small"><font size="2"><span style="font-family: 宋体">你需要确定</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">Microsoft.VC90.DebugCRT</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">文件夹里面的</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">Microsoft.VC90.DebugCRT.manifest</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">文件里面保存的版本信息而你程序依赖的版本信息匹配，</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">Microsoft.VC90.DebugCRT.manifest</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">里面的版本信息大版本号一定要一致，小版本号一定要等于或者大于你程序依赖的</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">CRT</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">的小版本号。比如上例中，我们的程序是依赖于</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">CRT 9.0.21022.8</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">，而我们的</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">Microsoft.VC90.DebugCRT.manifest</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">的版本是</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">9.0.30729.1</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">，这样是可以的；而</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">8.0.30729.1</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">就会有问题。如果大版本号一样，小版本号不一致的话，一个比较简单的方案就是修改程序的</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">manifest</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">文件，使其互相匹配就可以了。</span></font></span></p>
<p style="text-indent: -21pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: small"><font size="2">3.</font><span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small"><font size="2"><span style="font-family: 宋体">如果你的程序不是依赖调试版本的</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">CRT</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">，而是</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">release</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">版本的</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">CRT</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">，直接去微软的官方网站下载一个</span><span style="font-family: Calibri">crt redist</span><span style="font-family: 宋体">包安装上就可以了。</span></font></span></p></div>
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