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[FW]开源硬件动态：2009开源硬件大全

2010-08-24T04:19:00Z

相对于以Linux为代表的开源软件阵营，开源硬件也是开源思想的继承者。这些硬件的开发者将硬件的全部资料都对外公开，包括电路图、固件、软件、元件列表、器件列表以及印刷版图。这些资料允许任何人使用，比开源软件的开放度更高的地方在于，作者更是允许将这些资料及硬件用于任何商业开发。

每年MAKE杂志都会来介绍这些开源硬件，2009年有超过125种开源硬件项目被总结出来，涵盖了相关的19个种类，超出2008年的成果数目的一倍之多。这19个种类的项目具体包括：3D打印机, Arduino,Arduino shields,Blinky projects,时钟,Culture jamming,开发工具与平台,游戏、趣味及娱乐,摄像机，医学与生物学相关，音乐相关(MP3),处理器(CPU)，宗教相关，机器人技术相关，通信，交通相关，无人机，无线及GPS

1、3D打印机

打印机可以实现三维物体的打印了，在过去的几年中，大约有两到三个项目开始在桌面3D打印领域受到关注，这些项目包括Fab@Home, MarkerBot 和 RepRap，另外一些新的项目今年也纷纷上线。

ontraptor

Contraptor is a DIY open source construction set for experimental personal fabrication, desktop manufacturing, prototyping and bootstrapping.
Price: See site
Visit project page

Fab@Home

Fab@Home is a project dedicated to making and using fabbers - machines that can make almost anything, right on your desktop. This website provides everything you need to know in order to build or buy your own simple fabber, and to use it to print three dimensional objects. The hardware designs and software on this website are free and open-source. Once you have your own fabber, you can also download and print various items, try out new materials, or upload and share your own projects. Advanced users can modify and improve the fabber itself
Price: $2,700 and up
Visit the project page

MakerBeam

MakerBeam is a project to build a toy and tool for the open source imagination. Based on Mini-T, a new open source standard, MakerBeam will develop a construction toy for our times: open source precision hardware equally at home doing desktop fabrication or serving as a drawbridged castle for action figures.
Price: See page for details
Visit the project page

MakerBot

MakerBot is an affordable, open source 3D printer. It makes almost anything up to 4" x 4" x 6" using ABD plastic.
Price: $750 and up
Visit the project page

RepRap

RepRap is short for Replicating Rapid-prototyper. It is the practical self-copying 3D printer shown on the right - a self-replicating machine. This 3D printer builds the parts up in layers of plastic. This technology already exists, but the cheapest commercial machine would cost you about €30,000. And it isn't even designed so that it can make itself. So what the RepRap team are doing is to develop and to give away the designs for a much cheaper machine with the novel capability of being able to self-copy (material costs are about €500). That way it's accessible to small communities in the developing world as well as individuals in the developed world.
Price: Various

Visit the project page

2、Arduino

Arduino是一个硬件电路平台附带一个机遇Eclipse的软件开发环境。它可以用来开发可独立运行并且具有互动性的电子产品，IBM网站上提供了一个基于Arduino的激光游戏的教程，如果没有任何相关经验，没关系，这个教程将轻松指导你去手动制作这样一个游戏机。由此可见，Arduino系统的强大。

Arduino - Arduino is an open-source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy-to-use hardware and software. It's intended for artists, designers, hobbyists, and anyone interested in creating interactive objects or environments. Perhaps one of the most successful open source hardware projects to date. Dozens of projects are included in the guide.

Arduino is an open-source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy-to-use hardware and software. It's intended for artists, designers, hobbyists, and anyone interested in creating interactive objects or environments. Arduino can sense the environment by receiving input from a variety of sensors and can affect its surroundings by controlling lights, motors, and other actuators.

Here are all the flavors that are (or were) officially from the Arduino team...

Duemilanove - This is the latest revision of the basic Arduino USB board. It connects to the computer with a standard USB cable and contains everything else you need to program and use the board. It can be extended with a variety of shields: custom daughter-boards with specific features. details
Diecimila - This is the previous revision of the basic Arduino USB board. details
Nano - A compact board designed for breadboard use, the Nano connects to the computer using a USB Mini-B cable. details
Mega - A larger, more powerful Arduino board, shield compatible with the Duemilanove and Diecmila.details
Bluetooth - The Arduino BT contains a bluetooth module that allows for wireless communication and programming. It is compatible with Arduino shields. details
LilyPad - Designed for wearable application, this board can be sewn onto fabric, and is a stylish purple.details
Mini - This is the smallest Arduino board. It works well in a breadboard or for applications in which space is at a premium. It connects to the computer using the Mini USB Adapter. details
Mini USB Adapter - This board converts a USB connection into 5 volt, GND, TX and RX lines that you can connect to the Arduino Mini or other microcontroller. details
Pro - This board is designed for advanced users who want to leave a board embedded in a project: it's cheaper than a Diecimila and easily powered by a battery, but requires additional components and assembly. details
Pro Mini - Like the Pro, the Pro Mini is designed for advanced users requiring a low-cost, small board and willing to do some extra work. details
Serial - It's a basic board that uses RS232 as an interface to a computer for programming or communication. This board is easy to assemble even as a learning exercise. details (including Schematics and CAD Files)
Serial Single Sided - This board is designed to be etched and assembled by hand. It is slightly larger than the Diecimila, but still shield compatible. details

Price: $20 and up
Visit the project page
Buy one @ Maker Shed

Keeping reading for more!

Arduino clone and derivatives
Because the Arduino is open source hardware some makers have worked with the Arduino team to create other versions of the Arduino, some folks have just made their own and made sure they worked with the license the Arduino team has requested (you can make them, sell them, don't make them blue or call them Arduino).

Boarduino - Breadboard compatible clone

If you've ever struggled to use a solderless breadboard with an Arduino, you understand how frustrating it can be! Adafruit designed this Arduino clone to solve this problem in an inexpensive DIY fashion. The Boarduino is an Arduino clone: when programmed with the Arduino bootloader, it can talk to the Arduino software and run sketches just like the original. Also comes in USB version.
Price: $17.50 and up
Visit the project page
Buy one @ Maker Shed

Bare Bones Board

The Bare Bones Board is an Arduino-compatible board (Freeduino) that implements the functionality of the Arduino Diecimila, on a smaller printed circuit board, by removing the USB communications chip to a cable.

Price: $19.99
Visit the project page
Buy one @ Maker Shed

Freeduino

Another solderable Arduino kit, the Freeduino is compatible with standard expansion shields, has onboard USB port (like the standard Arduino), and is fully compatible with add-on shields. It also looks pretty darn cool in orange/yellow!
Price: $23.99 and up
Visit project page

iDuino

Another 'duino kit designed for use with electronics breadboards, the iDuino can be powered via USB and uses standard 5mm LEDs as status indicators.
Price: $17.82
Visit the project page

Illuminato::Genesis

The Illuminato is an AVR based chip, much like the Arduino, and is 100% Open Source - GNU GPL, that is. It has 42 I/O pins, more than any other Arduino clone out there right now, and even works with all the shields built for the Arduino.
Price: $38.99
Visit the project page

LilyPad Arduino

The LilyPad Arduino is a microcontroller board designed for wearables and e-textiles. It can be sewn to fabric and similarly mounted power supplies, sensors and actuators with conductive thread. The board is based on the ATmega168V (the low-power version of the ATmega168) or the ATmega328V. The LilyPad Arduino was designed and developed by Leah Buechley and SparkFun Electronics, but it's an official and supported part
of the Arduino line.
Price: $20.95 and up...
Visit the project page

Seeeduino

Seeeduino is an Arduino compatible board. Its design is based on the Arduino Diecimila and is 100% compatible with existing programs, shields and IDE. On the hardware part, many changes have been made to improve the flexibility and user experience.
Price: $22.50 and up
Visit the project page
Buy one @ Maker Shed

Seeeduino MEGA

Seeeduino Mega is a microntrolller board based on ATmega1280, derived from Arduino Mega with changes in pursuit for small form factor, flexibility and functionality.It has 70 digital input/output pins (of which 14 can be used as PWM outputs), 16 analog inputs, 4 UARTs (hardware serial ports), a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.
Price: $45.00
Visit the project page OSH LICENSE NOT FOUND, PCB FILES NOT FOUND (email sent)

Sanguino

The Sanguino was designed and developed by Zach Hoeken at the RepRap Research Foundation. It was originally intended for use in a next generation RepRap electronics design, but we realized that it would be universally useful. Thus the Sanguino was born. The primary difference between the Arduino and the Sanguino is the processor: Arduino uses the atmega168, while the Sanguino uses the atmega644. The rest of the differences basically all derive from this.
Price: $25.00
Visit the project page

3、Arduino shields

这是今年新增的类别，这些”盾”对Arduino进行了增强，添加了如音频、GPS、网络以及更多其他功能。实际上，不限于Arduino，更多开源硬件也都有增强型开发。

Arduino shields - This is a new category mostly because there are so many open source hardware shields in 2009. These "shields" add music, internet, GPS and additional functions.

Arduino shields and add-ons, these are projects that enhance the Arduino by adding additional functionality such as music, GPS, internet and more. They are added on top of the Arduino and some can be stacked.

Here are the official shields from the Arduino team:

Xbee Shield - This shield allows multiple Arduino boards to communicate wirelessly over distances up to 100 feet (indoors) or 300 feet (outdoors) using the Maxstream Xbee Zigbee module. details

Motor Shield - This shield allows an Arduino board to control DC motors and read encoders. details

Ethernet Shield - This shield allows an Arduino board to connect to the internet. details

Arduino Protoshield - design for an Arduino protoshield that sits on top of the main Arduino board for prototyping. details

Keeping reading for a ton more...

Adafruit Proto Shield for Arduino Kit

This prototyping shield works with NG, Diecimila and Duemilanove Arduinos.
Price: $12.50 and up
Visit the project page
Buy one @ Maker Shed

Adafruit Motor/Stepper/Servo Shield for Arduino kit

Arduino is a great starting point for electronics, and with a motor shield it can also be a nice tidy platform for robotics and mechatronics. Here is a design for a full-featured motor shield that will be able to power many simple to medium-complexity projects.
Price: $19.50
Visit the project page
Buy one @ Maker Shed

Adafruit Ethernet (XPort/WIZnet) shield for Arduino kit

Want your Arduino to check email? How about sending a twitter (which can then be easily forwarded to a phone via SMS)? Or grabbing data from a website? Or serving up sensor data world-wide?There are so many possibilites for projects that connect to the Internet to get data, now there's an easy way to do it with an Arduino.
Price: $15.00
Visit the project page

Adafruit Wave Shield for Arduino Kit

Adding quality audio to an electronic project is surprisingly difficult -- the Waveshield for the Arduino solves this problem. This clever shield board can play up to 22kHz, 12-bit uncompressed audio files of any length. A great low-cost, easy-to-make kit.
Price: $21.95 and up
Visit the project page
Buy one @ Maker Shed

Adafruit GPS logger shield kit

GPS shield for Arduino kit with data-logging capability. After building this easy kit, you can create your own geo-locative project. This shield is designed to make GPS projects straight-forward and easy. Plug in a supported GPS module and run any of the example Arduino sketches for parsing GPS data (NMEA sentences), logging to a FAT16-formatted SD flash memory card and storing analog sensor data along with precise location, date and time in CSV format.
Price: $19.50
Visit the project page

ArduiNIX

The ArduiNIX shield is a user programmable platform for driving multiplexed Nixie tube, Vacuum Fluourescent displays* or other high voltage displays.
Price: $45.00
Visit the project page

Danger Shield

The Danger Shield is an add-on for the Arduino micro controller board. It contains a variety of fun and useful electronic circuits that you can use to do fun and useful things. It is a fully self-contained shield. You plug it into your Arduino, and you can immediately start using it. No extra things to hook up, no external components.
Price: $30.00
Visit the project page

Pocket Piano Synth Kit for Arduino

This is a board for making the Arduino into a portable stand alone music synthesizer. It plugs directly into the Arduino board and provides 25 multiplexed keys (2 full octaves), 4 pots, status LED, reset switch, digital to analog converter IC, and a RCA audio jack. The Arduino board with its powerful AVR processor is more than adequate for a wide range of sound synthesis techniques. We have experimented with simple additive / wave-table synthesis, frequency modulation, ring modulation, sampling, polyphony, various arpeggiators. The whole thing can be powered over the Arduino's USB port for convenient experimenting. Arduino not included. The board is designed to mount easily to 1/8" panel material, and 1/2" round keys can be made out of wood or plastic.
Price: $49.95
Visit the project page
Buy one @ Maker Shed

Sanguino Breakout Shield

This is the Sanguino Breakout Shield board. It is primarily intended as a shield for existing Sanguino boards, but we've also included the footprint for a full Sanguino on the PCB as well. Its up to you as the builder to decide what shape the board should take: You can build it as a single board with an integrated Sanguino, or you can add headers that allow you to plug an existing Sanguino into the board.
Price: $16.00
Visit the project page

SparkFun Ardumoto - Motor Driver Shield

This is a motor shield for Arduino that will control two DC motors. Based on the L298 H-bridge, the Ardumoto can drive up to 2 amps per channel. The board takes its power from the same Vin line as the Arduino board, includes blue and yellow LEDs to indicate active direction, and all driver lines are diode protected from back EMF.
Price: $24.95
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SparkFun GPS Shield

With the GPS Shield you can add GPS functionality to your Arduino. A connector for the popular EM-406 GPS receiver is populated on the board, and footprints for EM-408 and EB-85A connectors are also made available (connectors are not soldered on or included and can be found below in the related items). The regular GPS pins (RX, TX, PPS, etc.) are also broken out to a 10-pin 0.1" pitch header, and a small protoyping area is also provided.
Price: $16.95
Visit project page

SparkFun Joystick Shield

The Joystick Shield sits on top of your Arduino and turns it into a simple controller. Five momentary push buttons (4+ joystick select button) and a two-axis thumb joystick gives your Arduino functionality on the level of old Nintendo controllers.
Price: $4.95
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SparkFun MegaShield Kit

The Arduino Mega now has its very own prototyping shield! The MegaShield mates with the Arduino Mega board and gives the user a prototyping area, two general LEDs, and, most important of all, the Arduino Mega reset switch is brought to the top level. The shield also works with our small breadboards if you don't want to solder to the prototyping area.
Price: $17.95
Visit project page

SparkFun microSD Shield

Running out of memory space in your Arduino project? The microSD Shield equips your Arduino with mass-storage capability, so you can use it for data-logging or other related projects.
Price:
Visit project page

Scope Clock Shield

Turn your X-Y capable analog oscilloscope it a very unique clock with this kit. A very cool (and practical) way to put your idle scope to work.
Price: $34.95 (not for sale any longer 12/2009)
Visit the project page

Wingshield Screwshield

The ScrewShield for Arduino is a "wing-format" shield that extends the Arduino pins to sturdy, secure, and dependable screw terminal blocks. The wing design allows you to extend just one or both sides (Analog and Digital) of the Arduino and still access its jumpers, LEDs, and buttons. Thanks to the ScrewShield's extra-long header pins, it can be stacked above or below other shields.
Price: $12.00
Visit the project page
Buy one @ Maker Shed

4、Blinky projects

这些项目比较难分类，暂且称为Blinky项目。它们的共同点是，LED灯是项目的重要组成部分。

Blinky projects - Open source hardware tends to have a lot of projects that blinky, pulse, and light up. It's a hard category to define exactly, so I'm calling it blinky projects. From a "Larsen scanner" (cylon) to making your bicycle spell words in the air, all of these projects are filled with LEDs.

MiniPOV

The 3rd generation MiniPOV is perfect for beginners who are looking to learn how to solder, how to program microcontrollers, or make LED blinky toys. Because the programmer is built into the kit, you don't need a special "microcontroller programmer". This version can be used with PCs (Linux/Unix or Windows) and Macs (running MacOS X and with a USB/serial converter).
Price: $17.99
Visit the project page
Buy one @ Maker Shed

SpokePOV

想要这样一辆自行车吗？在黑夜中骑着这样的自行车悠闲地从街上飘过是不是会吓人一跳，去这里看看作者是怎么实现这种效果的。

Spoke POV is an easy-to-make electronic kit toy that turns your bicycle wheel into a customized display! The project includes a free schematic design, open software for uploading and editing stored bitmap images, and a high-quality kit with all the parts necessary to build your own.

Price: $37.50 and up
Visit the project page

Peggy, Peggy 2

A versatile, high-brightness LED display, Peggy 2 is an updated version of the Peggy light-emitting pegboard display. Version 2 adds simple animation capability and Arduino compatibility.
Price: $94.95
Visit the project page
Buy one @ Maker Shed

LED Micro-Readerboard Kit

This fun little open source soldering kit provides an introduction to the capabilities of microcontrollers.The readerboard spells out preprogrammed messages such as "MAKE" one letter at a time on its alphanumeric LED display.
Price: $15.00
Visit the project page
Buy one @ Maker Shed

USB 7 - 6 Digit LED Display Kit

The USB7 expands most computers with a USB connected 6-digit, seven-segment display. Supporting letters, numbers, and a range of punctuation, the USB7 benefits any project requiring highly visible information. Using common a USB cable for both communication and power, the USB7 requires no special or bulky cables and with a simple virtual-serial port protocol, sending regular ASCII characters is all that's required to control the USB7s full output capacity. Based on the AVR-CDC project, the USB7 is supported by Windows XP, Windows 2000, OS X, and many Linux variants.
Price: $25.99
Visit the project page
Buy one @ Maker Shed

Trippy RGB Waves Kit

Imagine a bunch of little lights on a table, each about the size of a chess piece, each independent of the others. Arrange them any way you want. Each one continually, slowly changes colors on its own -- but when you wave your hand over them, they create waves of colors that follow your hand. Trippy! Another awesome and affordable kit from the creator of the TV-B-Gone and the Brain Machine, Mitch Altman.
Price: $10.00
Visit the project page
Buy one @ Maker Shed

Larson Scanner Kit

The Larson Scanner is named after Glen A. Larson, the man responsible for producing the original Battlestar Galactica and Knight Rider television shows. The kit is very easy to build, and includes a preprogrammed microcontroller, battery holder, and nine ultrabright red LEDs. Once you've built it, you'll have a beautiful back-and-forth scanning red light, ready for incorporation into various sci-fi props, costumes, and pumpkins.
Price: $13.00
Visit the project page
Buy one @ Maker Shed

Wee Blinky

The Wee Blinky is a simple LED flasher kit that you can build.
Price: $8.00
Visit the project page
Buy one @ Maker Shed

Lux Spectralis

The Lux Spectralis is a deluxe RGB (red, green and blue) LED (light emitting diode) blinky that you can build.
Price: $10.00
Visit the project page
Buy one @ Maker Shed

TinyCylon

The original Cylons are from TV's Battlestar Galactica. They are humanoid robots with a scanning red visor where their eyes should be.
Price: $10.00
Visit the project page
Buy one @ Maker Shed

Open heart kit

The Open Heart is an LED matrix of individually addressable LEDs. It can be used to create a brooch or bag light with highly customizable animations. It can be configured so that you can temporarily attach it to fabrics with headers that you simply push through, or you can configure it to be sewn into a project using conductive fabric for a more permanent setup
Price: $18.00
Visit the project page
Buy one @ Maker Shed

5、时钟

涉及到多种电子表、电子钟以及计数器。

Clocks and watches - This year there are some really timely additions to the list, clocks! From a retro Russian tube clock to an open source watch. These time pieces are open and timely.

The Bulbdial Clock Kit

The Bulbdial Clock kit is based on an original design concept from IronicSans.com and developed at Evil Mad Scientist Laboratories. It works like an indoor sundial, but with three shadows of different length. You tell the time just like you do on a normal clock, by reading the positions of the hour, minute, and second hands.
Price: $65.00
Visit the project page

Clockit

This is a great kit to learn the basics of soldering. ClockIt is a basic alarm clock with buzzer based on the ever popular ATMega168.
Price: $24.95
Visit the project page

IceTube clock kit

Somewhere at the junction of modern open-source hardware and early 80's Russia lives a beautiful new DIY kit called the Ice Tube Clock. The centerpiece of this old-meets-new clock is a Russian-made, 9-digit, vacuum florescent display (VFD). These types of displays were typically used in electronics form from the late 60's through the mid 1980's. Remember those bright green VCR and boom-box displays? Yep, those were most likely a type of VFD.
Price: $70.00
Visit the project page
Buy one @ Maker Shed

Makerbot watch

It's a open source affordable and fashionable watch that is can run the Arduino platform.
Price: $30.00
Visit the project page

TI eZ430-Chronos

eZ430-Chronos, the world's first customizable development environment within a sports watch. Taking the popular line of eZ430™ development tools to the next level, the kit allows developers to easily harness the leading integration, ultra-low power and wireless capabilities of TI's CC430 microcontroller (MCU). According to some not-public announcments (yet) TI is publishing the CAD files, source, everything and allowing commercial use. We're keeping this on this for now and talking to them, rules are bent a little, hope this works out.
Price: $49.00
Visit the project page

6、Culture jamming 文化反堵

如果你知道什么是文化反堵，请留言告诉我。项目之一是一台通用电视遥控器~。

Culture jamming - These projects are not only open source hardware, they aim to open ours minds a bit. A cell phone jammer, a universal device that turns off TVs and an open source homeland security non-lethal weapon.

Bedazzler

After attending a conference where the $1 million "sea-sick flashlight" (named "THE DAZZLER") was demonstrated by the US Dept. of Homeland Security, Adafruit decided to create their own version. For under $250, you can build your own dazzler and they've released the source code, schematics and PCB files to make it easy. A great Arduino project for people who really like blinking LEDs. They have also added in a mode selection so you can put it into some pretty color-swirl modes, great for raves and parties!
Price: Not for sale (about $250 to build your own)
Visit the project page

TV-B-Gone

Tired of all those LCD TVs everywhere? Want a break from advertisements while you're trying to eat? Want to zap screens from across the street? The TV-B-Gone kit is what you need!
Price: $21.99
Visit the project page
Buy one @ Maker Shed

Wave Bubble

A self-tuning, wide-bandwidth portable RF jammer. The device is lightweight and small for easy camouflaging: it is the size of a pack of cigarettes. An internal lithium-ion battery provides up to 2 hours of jamming (two bands, such as cell) or 4 hours (single band, such as cordless phone, GPS, WiFi, bluetooth, etc). The battery is rechargeable via a mini-USB connector or 4mm DC jack (a common size). Alternately, 3 AAA batteries may also be used. Output power is .1W (high bands) and .3W (low bands). Effective range is approximately 20' radius with well-tuned antennas. Less so with the internal antennas or poorly matched antennas. Self-tuning is provided via dual PLL, therefore, no spectrum analyzer is necessary to build this jammer and a single Wave Bubble can jam many different frequency bands - unlike any other design currently available! To reconfigure the RF bands, simply plug it into the USB port of your PC and type in the new frequencies when prompted. Multiple frequency ranges can be programmed in, each time the device is power cycled it will advance to the next program in memory.
Price: Not for sale (about $200 to build your own)
Visit the project page

7、开发工具与平台

包括芯片编程器，迷你计算机，以及大量可以用来制造项目的项目。

Development platforms and tools - These are tools and platforms, a wide category - but filled with chip programmers, mini-computers, debugging hardware and tons of project to - make other projects!

Beagle board

The USB-powered Beagle Board is a low-cost, fan-less single board computer that unleashes laptop-like performance and expandability without the bulk, expense, or noise of typical desktop machines.
Price: $149.00
Visit the project page

Bug Labs

BUG is a modular, open source system for building devices.
Price: $499 and up
Visit the project page

Bus Pirate

The 'Bus Pirate' is a universal bus interface that talks to most chips from a PC serial terminal, eliminating a ton of early prototyping effort when working with new or unknown chips. Many serial protocols are supported at 0.6-5.5volts, more can be added.
Price: $27.15
Visit the project page

Chumby

Chumby takes your favorite parts of the Internet and delivers them to you in a friendly, always-on, always-fresh format. It's a window into your Internet life that lives outside your desktop, so content like weather, news, celebrity gossip, podcasts, music, and more has a place to play away from your world of documents and spreadsheets.
Price: $99 and up
Visit the project page
Buy one @ Maker Shed (guts)

Funnel

Funnel is a toolkit to sketch your idea physically, and consists of software libraries and hardware. By using Funnel, the user can handle sensors and/or actuators with various programming languages such as ActionScript 3, Processing, and Ruby. In addition, the user can set filters to input or outputs ports: range division, filtering (e.g. LPF, HPF), scaling and oscillators.
Price: $24.95
Visit the project page

Gainer

Gainer is an environment for user interfaces and media installations. By using the Gainer environment, the user can handle sensors and/or actuators with a PC on various programming environments such as Flash, Max/MSP, Processing and so on.
Price: $30.00
Visit the project page

Liberlab

The Open Source project Liberlab aims to help democratize educational scientific experimentation through the creation and use of a DIY digital lab at a very low price ($20). Liberlab can also be used to learn about robotics, automation, human-machine interface or interactive arts.
Price: $20.00
Visit the project page

Make controller

The Make Controller 2.0 & Interface Board Kit includes the Make Controller Version 2.0 and the new Interface Board that makes adding sensors and motors easier than ever! Also available with the Application Board. The Make Controller is built around the AT91SAM7X256, and adds the essential components (like the crystal, voltage regulator, filter capacitors, etc.) required to run it, while bringing almost all the processor's signal lines out to standard 0.1" spaced sockets.
Price: $85.00
Visit the project page
Buy one @ Maker Shed

Wiring Wiring is an open source programming environment and electronics i/o board for exploring the electronic arts, tangible media, teaching and learning computer programming and prototyping with electronics. It illustrates the concept of programming with electronics and the physical realm of hardware control which are necessary to explore physical interaction design and tangible media aspects. Price: $84.00 Visit the project page

Illuminato X Machina

In less than four square inches, each Illuminato X Machina board contains the elements of a fully functional computer. A single Illuminato X Machina module, or 'cell', is equipped with a 72 MHz ARM-based microprocessor, a dedicated EEPROM chip for data storage, and RAM.
Price: $65.89
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Buy one @ Maker Shed

Pocket AVR Programmer

This is a simple to use USB AVR programmer. It is low cost, easy to use, works great with AVRDude, and is tested extensively on a Windows desktop. Based on Dick Steefland's USBtiny and Limor Fried's USBtinyISP.
Price: $14.95
Visit the project page

Sun SPOTs

Project Sun SPOT was created to encourage the development of new applications and devices. It is designed from the ground up to allow programmers who never before worked with embedded devices to think beyond the keyboard, mouse and screen and write programs that interact with each other, the environment and their users in completely new ways. A Java programmer can use standard Java development tools such as NetBeans to write code.
Price: $299.00
Visit the project page

Twatch

The #twatch scrolls the latest trending topics from Twitter on an LCD screen. It's a stand-alone network appliance that stays updated without a PC.
Price: $40.65
Visit the project page

USBasp AVR programmer

USBasp is a USB in-circuit programmer for Atmel AVR controllers. It simply consists of an ATMega48 or an ATMega8 and a couple of passive components. The programmer uses a firmware-only USB driver, no special USB controller is needed.
Price: $20
Visit the project page

USBtinyISP AVR Programmer Kit

USBtinyISP is a simple open-source USB AVR programmer and SPI interface. It is low cost, easy to make, works great with avrdude, has both 6 and 10 pin standard ISP cables, is AVRStudio-compatible and tested under Windows and MacOS X.
Price: $22.00
Visit the project page

Web platform

The Dangerous Prototypes web platform is a tiny server designed for networked hacks where a full PC is inconvenient. There's lots of interesting projects that bridge the internet to microcontrollers, but most of them have a PC in the middle to handle network stuff. This business card size internet appliance can connect to web services, control physical objects from a browser interface, or email sensor status reports; no PC intermediary required! (Initially licensed Creative Commons, then released into the public domain after Seeed delivers the first units).
Price: $35
Visit the project page

8、能源与绿色能源

Energy, Power and Green - These open source hardware projects power things or have something to do with powering devices, saving the planet and monitoring power/energy in some way.

Smart Battery Meter

The Smart Battery Meter measures the "state of charge" of a 12 volt or 24 volt sealed, lead-acid battery system. It uses a multi-color array of LEDs to give an instant visual indicator of the remaining charge, sort of like a gas gauge.
Price: $24.95
Visit the project page

Adjustable breadboard power supply

This project details the design of a very low dropout adjustable power supply. A good power supply is essential to electronic projects. While there are many existing designs for adjustable power supplies, this one makes improvements that make it more useful for hobby designs.
Price: $15.00
Visit the project page

Botanicalls Kit

Botanicalls Kits let plants reach out for human help! They offer a connection to your leafy pal via online Twitter status updates to your mobile phone. When your plant needs water, it will post to let you know, and send its thanks when you show it love.
Price: $99.00
Visit the project page
Buy one @ Maker Shed

MintyBoost Kit

Build your own MintyBoost: a small and simple (but very powerful) USB charger for your iPod or other MP3 player, your camera, cellphone, and any other gadget you can plug into a USB port to charge.
Price: $19.50
Visit the project page
Buy one @ Maker Shed

9、游戏、趣味及娱乐

想过自己开发游戏机吗？这些项目可以满足你的小小愿望。

Fun, games and entertainment - These open source hardware projects that are more fun than anything else, from net connect set top boxes to fun games (and gaming systems) you can make yourself.

"Simon-like" Electronic Game Kit

Originally designed for the Maker Faire by Grand Idea Studio, the Build Your Own Electronic Game Kit is a custom-created kit intended to introduce you to the world of electronics and soldering. When successfully assembled, the kit becomes a version of the popular memory game, Simon, with a few optional twists, including no LEDs, no sound, reverse order, and fast play.
Visit the project page

Game of Life

In 1970, John Conway came up with a 1-player game called Game of Life. The Game of Life is a mathematical game that simulates 'colonies' that grow or die based on how crowded or lonely they are and is known for the way it creates a beautiful organic display out of randomness. Here is a design for a simple electronic project that plays Conway's Game of Life. Make one kit and keep it on your desk, or attach multiple kit modules together to create a large display.
Price: $15.50
Visit the project page
Buy one @ Maker Shed

Digg button

Make your very own social bookmarking tool without the hassles of running a webserver. This kit contains the PCB and all the electronic parts for a Digg Button, including 2 batteries.
Price: $15.00
Visit the project page

Drawdio

Drawdio is an electronic pencil that lets you make music while you draw! It's great project for beginners: An easy soldering kit with instant gratification. Essentially, its a very simple musical synthesizer that uses the conductive properties of pencil graphite to create different sounds. The result is a fun toy that lets you draw musical instruments on any piece of paper.
Price: $17.50
Visit the project page
Buy one @ Maker Shed

Metro-Gnome

The Metro-Gnome is a basic digital metronome used to keep time during music practice. This is a basic kit that goes together in 15-20 minutes for people learning to solder, and 5-10 minutes for those with a bit of experience.
Price: $14.95
Visit project page

Meggy Jr PRB

Meggy Jr RGB is a kit from the talented scientists at Evil Mad Scientists (who are actually quite nice and friendly) designed as a platform to develop handheld pixel games. It's based around a fully addressable 8x8 RGB LED matrix display, and features six big fat buttons for comfy game play. The kit is driven by an ATmega168 microcontroller, and you can write your own games or otherwise control it through the Arduino development environment by simply plugging in an FTDI cable. Meggy Jr is fast, programmable, open source and hackable.
Price: $75.00
Visit the project page
Buy one @ Maker Shed

Mignonette Kit

Mignonette is a do-it-yourself electronic game console to learn about soldering, microcontrollers, and game programming. Inspired by the Mignon Game Kit that was done in Germany several years ago. Extended upon their wonderfully simple design to include a bicolor display, as well as a completely new software library for making games.
Price: $34.95
Visit the project page
Buy one @ Maker Shed

Minimig

Minimig (short for Mini Amiga) is an open source re-implementation of an Amiga 500 using a field-programmable gate array (FPGA).
Price: Various
Visit the project page

Simon Game

This is a good demo board for our button pads, DC to DC step up, LEDs, battery holders, buzzer, pseudo-random number generator for game sequence, etc.
Price: $24.95
Visit project page

Terror-Min

This is Terror-Min, the wonderful toy to annoy and bring terror to the most patient parents. It's a simple kit based on the principals of a Theremin that makes noise based on how the user interacts with the light sensor. This is a great kit that goes together quickly and easily for those who are just beginning how to learn to solder.
Price: $9.95
Visit project page

Ybox set top box

The YBox2 is a DIY networked set-top box. Connect it to your TV and you can design customized content to be delivered direct from the Internet. This project is great for people who want a new platform to experiment with. The video and Internet cores are ready to go and easy to work with.
Price: $75.00
Visit the project page

Uzebox

The Uzebox is a fully open-source, DIY 8-bit game console. It is designed specifically for people who know a little bit of programming to expand into designing and creating their own video games and demos. A full-featured core runs in the background and does all the video and audio processing so that your code stays clean and easy to understand.
Price: $70.00
Visit the project page

10、图像

有没有想过DIY一部摄像机？Elphel的开源相机及开源网络相机走在了这个领域的”前列腺”上。

maging - There's only project, but it's a great start. Open source cameras for everyone aren't here yet, but there's one project that is pioneering the field... of vision!

Elphel open source cameras and network cameras

Elphel, Inc. was started in 2001 to provide high performance cameras based on free software and hardware designs.
Price: $800 and up
Visit the project page

11、医学与生物学相关

相信在5年之内这个类别的开源硬件会迎来一个大爆发。只有想不到，没有做不到，我真的没有想到这些开源的项目是如此让人惊叹！

Medical and bio - The open source hardware projects are medical or biological. While this category only has a few I expect this to be the largest category in 5 years or less. Open sourcing medical equipment around the world seems like the most logical step in the evolution of open source hardware, check out some of the first projects!

Brain machine

Hack your brain! Get comfortable, put on the glasses and headphones, close your eyes (the LEDs are bright!), and flick the power switch. Enjoy the hallucinations as you drift into deep meditation, ponder your inner world, and then come out after the 14-minute program feeling fabulous. Sound and Light Machines (SLMs) produce sound and light pulses at brain wave frequencies, which help people sleep, wake up, meditate, or experience whatever state of consciousness the machine is programmed for.
Price: $34.99
Visit the project page
Buy one @ Maker Shed

Peripheral nerve stimulator

The jfish project seeks to encourage the use and development of free anaesthetic monitoring technologies. Our goal is to produce free and open technology to provide safe and reliable anaesthetic monitoring anywhere in the world the need exists. Stage 2 of the jfish project is complete, with the research, design and construction of a free hardware/open source peripheral nerve stimulator (PNS).
Price: $
Visit the project page

Open ECG

The openECGproject is an online community conceived around a simple, but challenging and worthy goal - to develop an open source hardware and software solution for electrocardiography.
Price: Various
Visit the project page

OpenEEG

Many people are interested in what is called neurofeedback or EEG biofeedback training, a generic mental training method which makes the trainee consciously aware of the general activity in the brain. This method shows great potential for improving many mental capabilities and exploring consciousness. Other people want to do experiments with brain-computer interfaces or just want to have a look at their brain at work. Unfortunately, commercial EEG devices are generally too expensive to become a hobbyist tool or toy.
Price: Various
Visit the project page

Open Prosthetics

The Open Prosthetics Project is producing useful innovations in the field of prosthetics and freely sharing the designs. This project is an open source collaboration between users, designers and funders with the goal of making our creations available for anyone to use and build upon. Our hope is to use this and our complementary sites to create a
Price: Donate
Visit the project page

Twittering heart meter

The open source hardware project allows you to twitter your heart rate, the video is a little odd, but that's what it seems to be doing.
Price: See site
Visit the project page

12、音乐相关

音乐包括的方面很多，混音器、吉他、MP3播放器甚至专业MIDI设备都有相关的开源硬件产品，假如能够DIY一个MP3播放器那将是一件很酷的事情。

Music - Music is one of the largest categories: synthesizers, guitar amps, MP3 players to an arcade MIDI device. These projects not only are open, they're musical (one of the old forms of "open information") so that's twice the goodness rolled in to one.

Daisy MP3 player

Can't find an open source MP3 player? Neither could we. Here's an idea: Build your own. Daisy is an easy-to-build, pocket-sized open source MP3 player.
Price: $114.95
Visit the project page
Buy one @ Maker Shed

1 bit groove box

The Bit Box. Music Synthesizer using one-bit algorithms based on The One-Bit Groove Box. This goes way beyond square waves and PWM. It continuously incorporates the newest research into 1-bit signal processing from the Ph. D. research of Noah Vawter at MIT.
Price: See parts list
Visit the project page

Arduinome, Formerly the Arduino Monome project

Clone of the Monome, using the easy to find Arduino, and learning a little bit about shift-registers and multiplexors among many other things along the way (Photos, PCB files and OSH license not found, but it appears OSH, email sent)
Price: Review parts list
Visit the project page

Aurora 224

Aurora 224 - Open source DJ mixer, mix audio video & color.
Price: Group orders
Visit the project page

AVR SYNTH

The AVR SYNTH is a monophonic "virtual analog" synth based, originally, on the Atmel AT90S8535 microcontroller and was designed by Jarek Ziembicki. His aim was to check to see if a simple micro could be used for sound synthesis purposes. And the result? The AT90S8535 managed to do all the tasks: front panel switches and pots services, receiving and processing MIDI messages, and sound generation.
Price: See parts list
Visit the project page

Firefly

The Firefly is a tube-based guitar amplifier popularized on ax84.com (a tube amp community and forum). The Firefly PCB was created so even the beginner to tube amps can succeed.
Price: $19.00
Visit the project page

Minty MP3 player

DIY MP3 player. Tired of not being able to find cases for your projects? Stuck with those hideous ABS plastic RadioShack boxes? Try those ubiquitous tin boxes, not only do they block EMI, they come with free mints! Fresh breath and fresh design in one.
Price: See parts list, about $25
Visit the project page

MIDIfighter

DJTechTools Midifighter device. Melds music and buttons mashing.
Price: $125.00
Visit the project page

Where's the party at b-bit sampler

WTPA is a very full featured 8-bit sampler kit. WTPA, as a KIT, is designed to the following aesthetic ends: to be a good and clear example of fairly "traditional" analog (low noise, relatively low frequency, high headroom, good routing, sensible ADCs and DACs etc) and digital (clean low level code, parallel memory architecture, I/O expansion via latches, various serial communication protocols) circuit design, and is catered to the determined (though not necessarily experienced) kit-builder who really, truly wants to learn more about how electronics work and how to get better at their craft.
Price: See site
Visit the project page

x0xb0x

The x0xb0x is not just another MIDI-controlled TB-303 clone. x0xb0x is a full reproduction of the original Roland synthesizer, with fully functional sequencer. The sequencer can be programmed just like the original 303 (ok its actually a little easier, we think) and can be used to control other synthesizers via any of its various output formats. 128 banks of track memory and 64 banks of pattern memory are stored in onboard EEPROM, no battery-backup is needed!
Price: $350
Visit the project page

13、处理器

不多介绍，著名的Opencores和OpenSPARC~

Processors - You can actually make and fabricate your own chips, I have met anyone who does this but there are a couple huge projects that openly share CPUs and on-chip interconnections. Living room chip fabs are a few years away (well, Jeri has one) but here's a glimpse.

Opencores

OpenCores is a foundation that attempts to form a community of designers to support open-source cores (logic designs) for CPUs, peripherals and other devices. OpenCores maintains an open-source on-chip interconnection bus specification called Wishbone. ORSoC has designed a development kit for the OpenRISC processor. This kit enables easy access to the OpenRISC platform and gives the designer a fast start.
Price: Various
Visit the project page

OpenSPARC

OpenSPARC is an open source hardware project started in December 2005. The initial contribution to the project was Sun Microsystems' Register transfer level (RTL) Verilog code for a full 64-bit, 32-thread microprocessor, the UltraSPARC T1 processor.
Price: Various
Visit the project page

14、宗教相关

宗教场所使用的烛台可以用LED来实现，闪烁的圣诞贺卡可以手动制作。国内厂商们可以疯狂的制作音乐贺卡而不用交专利费了。

Religious - Open source hardware has made inroads in to religious from an LED menorah to a blinky Christmas card. These projects almost belong in the "Blinky projects" category, but I thought they should get their own. I suspect more religions will be open sourcing their hardware soon.

Menorah Kit

The Deluxe LED Menorah kit is an updated take on the traditional hanukkiyah, the nine-armed Hanukkah candelabrum. Two candles are lit on the first night of Hanukkah (one "real" candle plus the lighter candle, or shamash), three on the second night, right up to nine on the eighth night. (That's (2+9) * (8/2) = 44 candles all together).
Price: $14.00
Visit the project page
Buy one @ Maker Shed

Christmas card & ornament

Hackable Christmas tree, made with an ATtiny13A and a few LEDs. Push the button to play a short light show in the tree.
Price: $15.00
Visit the project page

15、机器人技术相关

从最简单的电机控制到相当复杂的机械臂操纵，先行者们开发了一个又一个高科技的开源硬件项目。并且，明年将会有更多的项目补充到这个类别中来。

Robotics - From controlling motors to a robot arm you can make yourself, robotics is a new and growing category in open source hardware. While there's not a ton of projects many robotics groups are using Arduinos (FIRST is now) so I think we'll see this category double and triple in 2010, here are some of the early pioneers.

Easy Driver

The EasyDriver is a simple to use stepper motor driver, compatible with anything that can output a digital 0 to 5V pulse. EasyDriver requires a 7V to 30V supply to power the motor, and has an on board voltage regulator for the digital interface. Connect a 4-wire stepper motor and a microcontroller and you've got precision motor control! EasyDriver drives bi-polar motors, and motors wired as bi-polar. I.e. 4,6, or 8 wire stepper motors.
Price: $14.95
Visit the project page

Robot arm

A five axis robotic arm design controlled by rather inexpensive hobby servos (material and cutting cost about USD$150) - loads of fun to play with, and we think potentially very useful for more serious pursuits.
Price: Various
Visit the project page

OpenServo

OpenServo is an open community-based project with the goal of creating a high quality digital servo for robotics.
Price: Various
Visit the project page

Twitchie

Make your bots and plushies come to life! Twitchie is an amazingly lifelike animated armature that's Arduino-powered and comes preprogrammed, making it an excellent kit for beginners in robotics. No programming required! You can download and modify the code if you want, and it's pretty light on soldering, too. We recommend Twitchie for young makers (both boys and girls) interested in robotics or in bringing plush toys to life.
Price: $99.95
Visit the project page
Buy one @ Maker Shed

16、通信

这个类的项目都与移动电话相关，包括分组交换机、SIM卡阅读器等等。

Telecommunications - These projects use the telephone system in some way or are related to cell phones (or in one example, are cell phones). It's popular to open source the software on phones now, and slowly but surely we might see more phone systems go this way to if there are benefits for the companies and the customers.

P04 Four Port IP-PBX - Open source asterisk box

The goal of this project is to provide free hardware designs for telephone systems. Both the hardware and software are open. You are free to copy, modify and re-use the hardware designs. The hardware for a complete embedded Asterisk IP PBX (including multiple analog ports or a T1/E1) can be built for a few hundred dollars. No PC required!
Price: $290.00
Visit the project page

Openmoko

Openmoko is a project dedicated to delivering mobile phones with an open source software stack. Openmoko is currently selling the Neo FreeRunner phone to advanced users and will start selling it to the general public as soon as the software is more developed. Beyond freeing the software on their devices they have also released their CAD files. And at LinuxWorld 2008, they announced the release of the schematics for their products.
Price: Various
Visit the project page

SIM card reader

This is a SIM card reader/writer for experimentation and investigation of SIM & Smart cards. Once the kit is built, accompanying software can be used to read and write from the card. Together they can be used to backup stored SIM card data, recover deleted SMS's and phone contacts, examine the last 10 phone numbers dialed, etc. (Despite being called a SIM reader, it can also write to SIM cards)
Price: $
Visit the project page
Buy one @ Maker Shed

17、交通相关

以电子加油机为代表，将来有开源的汽车设计也未可知啊。

Transportation - There's just one in the transportation category, an electronic fuel injection project. While there is always talk of an "open source" automobile, there mostly design projects and not a project with downloads, files, software, etc - in a few years we might see a physical open source hardware car however, there seems to be a lot of interest.

Megasquirt

The MegaSquirt family of EFI controllers (including MS-I, MS-II, MicroSquirt, and the MS-II Sequencer) are intended as educational projects for those who want to learn about electronic fuel injection. They are experimental Do-It-Yourself programmable electronic fuel injection controllers that you build yourself. MegaSquirt controllers will work on virtually any liquid fueled spark-ignition engine, naturally aspirated or boosted (up to 21 psi boost with the standard MAP sensor) as long as they are not 'pollution controlled'. Note that any MegaSquirt EFI controller is the controller only, you will have to gather the remaining fuel system parts yourself (from 1 to 16 injectors, sensors, fuel rails, fuel pump, etc.).
Price: $200 and up
Visit the project page

18、无人机 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: UAV

虽然名称很专业，但是这类项目目前肯定无法用于军用或者商用，所以称作航模相关可能更合适一些。

UAVs - A Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is an aircraft that has the capability of fully autonomous flight, without a pilot in control. Amateur UAVs are non-military and non-commercial. They typically fly under "recreational" exceptions to FAA regulations on UAVs, so long as the pilots/programmers keep them within tight limits on altitude and distance. Usually the UAV is controlled manually by Radio Control (RC) at take-off and landing, and switched into autonomous mode only at a safe altitude.

Ardupilot

ArduPilot is a full-featured autopilot based on the Arduino open-source hardware platform. It uses infrared (thermopile) sensors for stabilization and GPS for navigation. It is the autopilot used to win the 2009 Sparkfun Autonomous Vehicle Competition. The hardware is available from Sparkfun. An expansion board ("Shield") kits that includes an airspeed sensor, a 3.3v power regulator for 3.3v GPS modules and other sensors and cables and connectors for easy attachment of the XY and Z sensors.
Price: $24.95
Visit the project page
Buy one @ Maker Shed

Blimpduino

The Blimpduino kit is a very low-cost, open source, autonomous blimp kit. It consists of an Arduino-based blimp controller board with onboard infrared and ultrasonic sensors and an interface for an optional RC mode, a simple gondola with two vectoring (tilting) differential thrusters, and ground-based infrared beacon.
Price: $100 and up
Visit the project page
Buy one @ Maker Shed

Paparazzi

Paparazzi is a free and open-source hardware and software project intended to create an exceptionally powerful and versatile autopilot system by allowing and encouraging input from the community. The project includes not only the airborne hardware and software, from voltage regulators and GPS receivers to Kalman filtering code, but also a powerful and ever-expanding array of ground hardware and software including modems, antennas, and a highly evolved user-friendly ground control software interface.
Price: Various
Visit the project page

19、无线及GPS

Wireless and GPS - From an open GPS tracker to a small wireless device that works with the Arduino, this is a fairly new category and likely one that will grow as more spectrum frees up.

JeeNode

The JeeNode is based on an Atmel ATmega 328 - the same as an Arduino - and was inspired by Modern Device's Really Bare Bones Board, which is like a minimal implementation of an Arduino. The USB communication interface has been removed and any USB-to-TTLSerial based on the FTDI232R chip is guaranteed to work as connection. Being compatible with Arduino boards such as the Duemilanove means that you can use the IDE to upload a sketch using any PC running Windows, Mac OS X, or Linux.
Price: $20 and up
Visit the project page

Open GPS tracker

The Open GPS Tracker is a small device which plugs into a $20 prepaid mobile phone to make a GPS tracker. The Tracker responds to text message commands, detects motion, and sends you its exact position, ready for Google Maps or your mapping software. The Tracker firmware is open source and user-customizable.
Price: $75.00
Visit the project page

Xbee adapter kit

XBee modems are one of the easiest ways to create a wireless point-to-point or mesh network. They have error correction, are configured with AT commands, come in multiple flavors and can create a wireless serial link out of the box. This is an open source Xbee adapter kit, can be used to make a "Tweet-a-watt" - a twittering power monitor.
Price: $10.00 and up
Visit the project page

数百个项目没有一一介绍，前面的项目信息链接介绍了所有的项目以及获取方法和费用等等。本文名为2009开源硬件大全，并不是指开始于2009年的开源项目，而是指截止2009年底的众多开源硬件项目的整理与总结。这些项目并不是都在尖端领域或者采用了尖端技术，但是体现了国外设计者们在硬件的开源道路上做的努力。所有项目都可以从网上获取全部资料，需要注意的是，” 开源并不代表免费“，但是开源产品允许在它基础上的改进和开发。当然，获取这些开源硬件的资料之后，你也可以成立自己的公司，并从这些硬件项目中获利。

本文链接

云计算EC2兼容平台安装实践

2010-08-20T08:01:00Z

云计算EC2兼容平台安装实践

最近我在公司中尝试安装搭建了基于 Eucalyptus 云计算EC2兼容平台的测试环境。用一台作为控制器，一台作为虚拟机节点，在此感谢综合服务部老马的支持。

Eucalyptus 的组成说明

Euc 的组成可以分为5类组件，它们之间是通过 SOAP with WS-security进行通信。

通过下图我们可以看到基于顶层的是Cloud Controller(clc) 和 Walrus。我们将clc,walrus,sc,cc控制器称为前端节点，虚拟机控制器节点(nc)称为后端节点。

控制器（前端节点）：
the cloud controller (clc)
the cluster controller (cc)
walrus (the S3-like storage service)
the storage controller (sc)

虚拟机节点（后端节点）：
一个或多个node controller (nc)

组件描述：
云控制器(Cloud Controller: CLC) 是Java写的，提供给外界 ec2 兼容的Web SOAP Service 和query接口以及Web界面交互，用来管理所有的集群。执行高层对资源的规划和系统用户的管理。
Walrus 是兼容Amazon S3的存储，也是java写的，为外界提供Key-Value存储服务。顶层的cls和walrus可以汇集多个集群的资源。每一个集群需要一个集群控制器（cc）来管理计算节点（资源规划和网络控制），以及一个存储控制器（sc）。
存储控制器（Storage Controller）实现EBS（Amazon Elastic Block Store）类型的块存储：所有的image文件存放于此，sc是用java写的。
集群控制器Cluster controller (CC) - C 写的，提供对集群内部控制，在 Apache 內作为 Web services 來部署。
虚拟机节点控制器Node controller (NC) - C 写的，安在提供虚拟机服务的节点上，在 Apache 內作为 Web services 來部署。

安装

鉴于ubuntu最新的Server版本已经直接集成了Eucalyptus Cloud Server的支持，能够创建在 Amazon 的 EC2 基础设施上运行 Eucalyptus 的公共云和位于防火墙之后的数据中心内部的基础设施之上运行的私有云。这是到目前为止最为简单的安装和尝试使用 Eucalyptus 的方式。只需下载 CD 服务器版并将其安装在任何想要的地方。为了省事，所有机器安装 Ubuntu Server 10.04 LTS。

如前所述，控制器（前端节点 10.34.7.102）上需要安装云控制器(clc)，集群控制器(cc)，S3存储服务(Walrus)，Image存储控制器(sc)。控制器的服务器建议配置如下：
Hardware Minimum Suggested Notes
CPU 1GHz 2 x 2GHz for an all-in-one front end, it helps to have at least a dual core processor
Memory 2GB 4GB the Java web front end benefits from lots of available memory
Disk 5400rpm IDE 7200rpm SATA slower disks will work, but will yield much longer instance startup times
Disk Space 40GB 200GB 40GB is only enough space for only a single image, cache, etc., Eucalyptus does not like to run out of disk space
Networking 100Mbps 1000Mbps machine images are hundreds of MB, and need to be copied over the network to nodes

虚拟机节点控制器的服务器建议配置为：
Hardware Minimum Suggested Notes
CPU VT extensions VT, 64-bit, Multicore 64-bit can run both i386, and amd64 instances; by default, Eucalyptus will only run 1 VM per CPU core on a Node
Memory 1GB 4GB additional memory means more, and larger guests
Disk 5400rpm IDE 7200rpm SATA or SCSI Eucalyptus nodes are disk-intensive; I/O wait will likely be the performance bottleneck
Disk Space 40GB 100GB images will be cached locally, Eucalyptus does not like to run out of disk space
Networking 100Mbps 1000Mbps machine images are hundreds of MB, and need to be copied over the network to nodes

OK，下载ubuntu 10.04 Server ISO并刻盘:
http://www.ubuntu.com/server/get-ubuntu/download

安装前端控制器节点

首先我们安装前端控制器节点, 从光盘引导，选择“Install Ubuntu Enterprise Cloud”.

安装程序将会检查本地网络是否存在已知的云控制器组件，如果没有检测到就会显示如下的画面：
这里我们本来就要安装云控制器，所以保持空白不填，按回车继续。

在下面的屏幕中选择你希望安装的组件，这里我们要在一台机器上安装前端控制节点，所以选择除了虚拟机节点外的所有组件.

在安装过程中，你需要配置你的云计算平台的基本信息:
首先是你的云集群名称，例如：cluster1
然后是可供你的集群使用的公共 IP 地址池，分配给虚拟机实例的IP地址, e.g. 192.168.1.200-192.168.1.249. 如果在这里没有提供公共 IP 地址池，那么在启动虚拟机实例的时候就必须指定地址。
安装后端虚拟机节点
虚拟机的节点安装更简单，首先请一定确保前端控制服务器已经在网络中正常运行。
首先在节点服务器上从光盘引导，选择“Install Ubuntu Enterprise Cloud”，只选择安装Node Controller.
注册节点控制器
如果你正在用Ubuntu 10.04 LTS安装，那么可以跳过此步，Ubuntu 10.04 LTS会自动向已经找到的集群控制器注册该节点的。不过如果你是通过package的方式安装的，那么本步骤依然需要。
交换公共SSH密钥
云控制器的eucalyptus用户需要去访问其它控制服务器，它们之间的访问是通过Public SSH Key来完成的。由于这里所有前端的控制器都在一台上面，所以只需要将节点控制器的ssh key放到前端的云控制器上的俄服务器即可。
在节点服务器上临时为eucalyptus用户加上密码:
sudo passwd eucalyptus
然后在云控制器(Cloud Controller)上：
sudo -u eucalyptus ssh-copy-id -i ~eucalyptus/.ssh/id_rsa.pub eucalyptus@<IP_OF_NODE>
最后将临时密码删除：
sudo passwd -d eucalyptus
配置服务
在云控制器（ Cloud Controller）上:
注册集群控制器（ Cluster Controller ）:
定义集群名称： CC_NAME in /etc/eucalyptus/eucalyptus-cc.conf
定义集群IP: CC_IP_ADDR in /etc/eucalyptus/eucalyptus-ipaddr.conf, 如果有多个集群服务器IP，用空格分隔.
注册S3 Key-Value存储服务( Walrus Controller ):
定义服务的IP地址： WALRUS_IP_ADDR in /etc/eucalyptus/eucalyptus-ipaddr.conf.

在集群控制器（ Cluster Controller）上:
注册Image存储控制器( Storage Controller ):
定义集群名称： CC_NAME in /etc/eucalyptus/eucalyptus-cc.conf
定义存储控制器的IP地址： SC_IP_ADDR in /etc/eucalyptus/eucalyptus-ipaddr.conf, 如果有多个存储服务器IP，用空格分隔.
获取安全证书
安装完毕，我们需要获取能够访问云计算平台安全证书来访问，云计算平台。
浏览器访问
首先我们可以从浏览器访问，访问云控制器的URL:
https://<cloud-controller-ip-address>:8443/
注意你必须使用HTTPS安全连接访问。默认管理用户和密码为:admin/admin，第一次访问会让你填写修改密码等管理信息。

完成登录后，在Credentials页面上获取你的安全证书，点击“Download Credentials”下载你的云计算平台安全证书文件。
你也可以在云控制器服务器上直接用命令行的方式下载:

mkdir -p ~/.euca
chmod 700 ~/.eucacd ~/.eucasudo euca_conf --get-credentials mycreds.zipunzip mycreds.zipln -s ~/.euca/eucarc ~/.eucarccd -

可以在服务器上运行下euca2tools中的命令看看证书是否正常：

. ~/.euca/eucarc
euca-describe-availability-zones verboseAVAILABILITYZONE cluster1 192.168.1.2AVAILABILITYZONE |- vm types free / max cpu ram diskAVAILABILITYZONE |- m1.small 0004 / 0004 1 192 2AVAILABILITYZONE |- c1.medium 0004 / 0004 1 256 5AVAILABILITYZONE |- m1.large 0002 / 0002 2 512 10AVAILABILITYZONE |- m1.xlarge 0002 / 0002 2 1024 20AVAILABILITYZONE |- c1.xlarge 0001 / 0001 4 2048 20

获取了安全证书你就可以开始使用了，比如获取或者创建操作系统Image, 开启虚拟机实例等等。接下来就是使用篇，由于本人巨懒，在教会韩同学后，就请我们文学有为青年韩同学以优美的文笔写了使用篇，我们大家都要感谢韩同学。
—————————————————————————————————————————

本文链接

Euc Cloud Server Install (1)

2010-06-02T13:37:00Z

控制器（前端节点）：

the cloud controller (clc)
the cluster controller (cc)
walrus (the S3-like storage service)
the storage controller (sc)

虚拟机节点（后端节点）：
* node controller (nc)

1. sudo apt-get install eucalyptus-cloud eucalyptus-walrus
2. sudo apt-get install eucalyptus-cc eucalyptus-sc
3. sudo apt-get install eucalyptus-nc

Euc 的组成可以分为5类，它们之间是通过 SOAP with WS-security进行通信。
顶层是 cloud controller(clc) 和 walrus, 云控制器(CLC) 是Java写的，提供给外界 ec2 兼容的Web SOAP Service 和Query接口以及Web界面交互，用来管理所有的集群。执行高层对资源的规划和系统用户的管理。Walrus 是S3-compatible bucket-based storage，也是java写的，为外界提供存储服务顶层的cls和walrus可以汇集多个集群的资源。每一个集群需要一个cc来管理计算节点（资源规划和网络控制），以及一个sc（存储控制器）来实现 EBS（Amazon Elastic Block Store）类型的块存储：所有的image文件存放于此，sc是用java写的。

Cluster controller (CC) - C 写的，提供对集群内部控制，在 Apache 內作为 Web services 來部署。
Node controller (NC) - C 写的，安在提供虚拟机服务的节点上，在 Apache 內作为 Web services 來部署。

本文链接

tcdatabase(二)

2010-05-07T08:28:00Z

前面一篇： tcdatabase-1

搜索操作：根据“字段”检索出符合条件的key

cmd: misc search/metasearch [addcond/cond\0{fieldName}\0{condOperator}\0{Value}...[next] addcond/cond...] [setorder/order\0{fieldName}\0{OrderType}] [setlimit/limit/setmax/max)\0{MaxCount}[\0{SkipCount}]] [columns/get\0{FieldName1}\0{FieldNameN}] [mstype\0{SearchType}] [out/remove] [count] [hint]

搜索操作是通过search/metasearch命令进行，并可以支持联合查询。

参数描述：

* addcond/cond: 添加条件，多个条件构成一个查询，同查询之间为与（并且）关系。

* fieldName为条件的字段名
* condOperator代表操作类型,
* value为操作对象

* next: 联合查询的下一个查询的开始，接下来的addcond为下一个查询。
* mstype: 表示联合查询之间的关系，默认是合并（OR）关系，可以是合并（OR），交集（AND）或不同（DIFF）。不过一次联合查询只能有一种关系（mstype）。
* setorder/order: 为这次查询指定一个排序字段，得到的结果集合将按该字段的指定方式排序。

* orderType为排序类型,值如下:
* STRASC:表示按照文本型字段内的文本内容在字典中排列顺序的升序。
* STRDESC:表示按照文本型字段内的文本内容在字典中排列顺序的降序。
* NUMASC:表示按照数值大小的升序。
* NUMDESC:表示按照数值大小的降序

* setlimit/limit/setmax/max: 限制检索结果数量，相当于SQL语句中的“limit skip, max”。
* columns/get: 设置后，将不仅仅返回符合查询的keys，而且将获取指定列的值。如果只指定了columns没有指定字段，则将返回所有列的值。
* out/remove: 将删除符合查询的结果记录集，同时将删除的keys返回。
* count: 返回符合查询的记录数。
* hint: 将打印执行查询的调试信息。

操作类型可以分为:字符型运算，数值型运算，token型运算，全文检索型运算。
数值型运算符:

* NUMEQ:表示等于操作对象的数值(=)。
* NUMGT:表示比操作对象的数值要大(>)。
* NUMGE:表大于或等于操作对象的数值(>=)。
* NUMLT:表示比操作对象的数值要小(<)。
* NUMLE:表示小于或等于操作对象的数值(<=)。
* NUMBT:表示其大小处于操作对象文字段中被逗号分开的两个数值的中间(between 100 and 200)。
* NUMOREQ:表示同操作对象文字段中被逗号分开的多个数值中的其中一个是相同的( IN (100,200,278))

文本型运算符:

* STREQ:表示与操作对象的文字内容完全相同(=)。
* STRINC:表示含有操作对象文字的内容(LIKE ‘%文字%’)。
* STRBW:表示以操作对象的文字行列开始(LIKE ‘文字%’)。
* STREW:表示到操作对象的文字行列结束(LIKE ‘%文字’) 。
* STRAND:表示包含操作对象的文字行列中右逗号分开部分的字段的全部(name LIKE ‘%文字(一)%’ AND name LIKE ‘%文字(二)%’)。
* STROR:表示包含操作对象文字段中逗号分开部分的其中一部分 (name LIKE ‘%文字(一)%’ OR name LIKE ‘%文字(二)%’) 。
* STROREQ:表示与操作对象文字段中逗号分开部分的其中某部分完全相同( name = ‘文字(一)’ OR name =‘文字(二)’ )。

设置索引操作

misc setindex name type
可以对“字段”建立索引, 暂不支持支持全文检索

* name：待索引的字段名称；
* type为索引类型,值如下:

* TDBITLEXICAL(0):创建文本型索引
* TDBITDECIMAL(1):创建数值型索引
* TDBITTOKEN(2):创建标记倒排索引，暂不支持
* TDBITQGRAM(3):创建q-gram倒排索引，暂不支持
* TDBITOPT(9998):优化索引
* TDBITVOID(9999):删除索引
* TDBITREINDEX(10000): 重建索引

本文链接

tcdatabase(一）

2010-05-06T23:00:00Z

为何写tcdatabase

tcdatabase 是以TC(Tokyo Cabinet)的B+Tree 数据引擎为基础开发的数据库。

TC(Tokyo Cabinet)是日本人平林幹雄开发的一款 Key-Value 键值数据库,该数据库读写非常快,哈希模式写入100万条数据只需0.402秒,读取100万条数据只需0.334秒。
TT(Tokyo Tyrant )是由同一作者开发的 Tokyo Cabinet 数据库网络接口。它拥有自己的协议,并支持Memcached兼容协议,也可以通过HTTP协议进行数据交换。哈希数据库读写速度大约在50000次/秒。
TC和TT目前运行在日本最大的SNS网站MIXI,在国内也有大量的生产环境应用。

关于TC和TT详尽的介绍可以看看张宴2010年4月2日在“2010年数据库技术大会”的演讲PPT：Tokyo Cabinet Key-Value数据库及其扩展应用PPT

在TC中key-value数据对中value有结构并能对value中字段进行索引的数据引擎是TCTDB（Table Database）。TCTDB是在TCHDB哈希数据库的基础上,对value部分做的增强：value是带字段结构，value是由若干字段名－字段值对组成。（详见张宴PPT）。

TCTDB即具备了Key-Value数据库的高效读写性能,又具备了MySQL单表能实现的一些功能,即: SELECT .... FROM table WHERE .... ORDER BY .... LIMIT xxx,xxx

TCTDB的不足：

* 一个Table Database仅支持一个表，也就是说value中的字段必须固定一样。假设项目组使用了80多个表，这意味着你需要开启了80多个 ttserver为每一个“表”提供支持。
* 功能的增强,也就意味着要牺牲性能。TCTDB 表格型数据库的平均读取速度大约在40万条/秒,相比 TCHDB哈希数据库的180万条/秒和TCBDB B+Tree数据库的100万条/秒要慢。
* TCTDB虽然可以建立数值型索引,但是它是将所有value数据都当成字符型来处理的,无法区分value类型。
* TCTDB单数据库文件存储的记录数上亿条后,性能会有比较明显的下降。
* 不能单独获取value中的某一个字段的值；
* 不能支持仅更新UPDATE key中某一个字段：必须先取出value的全部字段，再存入；
* 查询没有时间限制，如果有一个超大数据量的查询就可以把服务搞僵死

So，为了解决TCTDB一个database只能使用一个表，以及不能获取(更新)value中某个字段值的问题，我动了写tcdatabase的念头。
目前tcdatabase 数据格式为Spec.2. 当前Spec.2的实现功能如下。

tcdatabase的数据存储

tcdatabase的数据存储被分为3个文件进行存储：分别是数据文件、数据配置文件、数据索引文件。
* 1、[data.tcb]: 数据文件改用采用TCBDB(B+Tree Database)进行存储，——为了解决数据量上亿后的HashDB性能的问题。
* 2、[data.tcb].cfg: 数据配置采用TCHDB(Hash Database), 只要内存缓存设置适当配置信息就会在内存中。
* 3、[data.tcb].idx: 索引同样采用TCBDB存储。

注意：字段名称必须在整个数据库中保持唯一。暂不支持全文索引。

tcdatabase兼具TCBDB和TCTDB的特点。主要特点如下：

读写操作

写操作

写操作分为行写和列写操作。

行写：和TCTDB完全一样，写入整行(row)数据，包含所有字段。
分为 misc put, misc putcat, misc putkeep
misc putkeep: 添加新记录，如果企图覆盖已有记录会报错。
misc put: 添加新记录或者覆盖已有记录，注意覆盖的新值中不能有新字段。
misc putcat 覆盖已有记录并可以给已有记录添加新字段。

列写：和TCBDB一样。仅对key的单列进行写入
put(".[KeyName].[FieldName]", "FieldValue")
必须使用put命令进行（不能使用 misc put,这是行写方式）。
必须以"."字符打头表示列写方式，keyName和字段名之间用"."分隔。

读操作

读操作也分为行读和列读操作。

行读操作：和TCTDB完全一样，读取整行(row)数据，包含所有字段。
misc get(char * name)

列读操作：和TCBDB一样。可以读取某key的单列值的信息，也可以获取某key的字段列表信息
读取单列：get(".[KeyName].[FieldName]")
读取key的字段名称列表信息：get("/[KeyName]")
必须使用get命令进行（不能使用 misc get,这是行读方式）。

tcdatabase 开源

tcdatabase: http:code.google.com/p/tcdatabase

注意：当前你必须从代码仓库中checkout方为Spec.2的最新版本，下载包中的为Spec.1的版本。

参考与感谢：

张宴2010年4月2日在“2010年数据库技术大会”的演讲PPT：Tokyo Cabinet Key-Value数据库及其扩展应用PPT

本文链接

MongoDB vs Redis vs Tokyo Tyrant

2010-03-05T03:56:00Z

* MongoDB vs Redis vs Tokyo Tyrant

准备对MongoDB, Redis以及Tokyo Tyrant的读写做一个简单的测试，为了进行相对公平的测试，需要了解他们背后的实现机制，下面是一些比较：

存储实现的比较：

* 内存文件映像(Memory-File Mapping) Redis, MongoDB

* 文件 + Cache Tokyo Tyrant

* 内存: Redis, Tokyo Tyrant

Key/Value索引形式：

* B+ Tree : MongoDB, Tokyo Tyrant

* Hash Table: Redis, Tokyo Tyrant

* Fixed Length: Tokyo Tyrant

从上面的比较可以看出，Redis和MongoDB是基于系统内存映像文件，数据能命中在内存的时候读写操作性能应该是非常强的，当然，反过来，如果数据十分分散不能在内存命中，那么内存页的切换开销将是非常可怕的，MongoDB和Redis数据文件不同的是将数据存放在多个文件中，每当上一个存满的时候就会创建新的数据空间文件。鉴于MongoDB 是主要比较对象，而其采用B+Tree进行存储，故TT也使用B+Tree引擎进行比较。

那么该测试什么自然就可以得知：尽管使用内存映像文件读写操作会很快（快到什么程度），但是当写满内存以后呢？

文件大小限制：

32bit: MongoDB <= 2G

TT no limits if u ./configure --enable-off

64bit: MongoDB和TT均无限制。

注：Redis 总是受限于内存的大小。

为了进行相对公平的测试：

首先通过虚拟机对内存的使用进行同等限制，因为MongoDB和Redi实际上读写都是在内存操作的（利用MemoryMap文件），故当数据库的大小超过内存大小时候的性能尤为重要。故用虚拟机来设置一个较小的内存大小，来快速观察数据库大小超过内存的时候的性能。

这里设置虚拟机内存256M，实际可使用内存200M左右,CPU 2核，Unbuntu Server 9.10

测试记录：

Key: 512的随机字符串

Value: 大约5k的随机字符串

每项记录数据大小：大约5.5k

计划插入数据100000条：5.5k*1000=5.5M*100=550M 数据量大约 550M。

注：key开始是用1k的随机字符串来测试，但是在测试mongoDB 报告key too large to index, 因此减小key的大小到512字节。

当没有任何数据的时候：

MongoDB的大小:

64M: (db.0, db.1, ..)data FIle

16M: (database.ns) name space index file.

TC的大小:

133K btree.tcb

256 fixed.tcf

517K hash.tch

Redis的大小：

VirtualMemFile: 41M redis-3546.vm

DB: 0M

注：redis的文件初始大小基本等于你设置的内存以及内存页的大小，可以自己调整。redis通过定时存盘的策略进行保存，定时策略可以自行设置。

通常情况下，redis的数据库必须<=内存，如果要让redis的数据库大于内存，那么必须在配置中打开vm_enabled选项(貌似没用，当插入数据超过内存后，会被Unbuntu的后台保护进程给杀掉，如果设置了最大使用的内存，则数据已有记录数达到内存限值后不能继续插入新值)。

key/value 功能：

Redis: 读写key／value，value可以有各种结构，但Value无索引。

MongoDB: 以collection组织，key如果不特别指定将由系统作为ObjectId产生（指定使用“_id”字段），value是结构化的，value里的字段可以被索引。

TokyoTyrant: 读写key/value，table 数据引擎支持结构化的value和字段索引，其它数据引擎不支持，b+tree可以用key索引。

基准测试机器：

虚拟机是跑在 2 CPU 2.26G Intel Core 2 Duo，内存为2G

虚拟机：

CPU 2核

内存 256M

操作系统：Unbuntu Server 9.10 32bit

使用软件版本：

* MongoDB: mongodb-linux-i686-2010-02-26

* TokyoTyrant: TT1.1.40; TC1.4.42

* Redis: 2010-03-01(GIT SRC)

启动：

redis-server ./redis.conf(设置了最大内存210兆：maxmemory 210000000, vm-enable=yes，vm-max-memory 20000000，vm-pages 1342177)

./ttserver -port 1974 /data/db/tt.tcb

bin/mongod -port 1974 --dbpath /data/db/mongo

MongoDB

如上所述测试添加10万条数据：

内存，刚开始的时候虚拟内存占用48564，物理内存占用 3432，在插入2000条数据后，虚拟内存到达143M，物理内存33M，内存增长很迅速。最后虚拟内存稳定在1048M，物理内存则在160M－211M徘徊。

CPU占用率最低的时候为6%，最高的时候达到30%，平时在8%-10%之间。

从测试看，每次分配DB空间的时候所有插入操作被冻结，最坏的一次插入2000条耗时1分多（这个时候正好有分配空间文件发生），平时，插入2000条数据大约耗时17-18秒。

最后MongoDB的数据文件总大小达到：977M

接着测试MongoDB读取10万条记录（非命中形式:该key是随机产生的，因此大都不会存在数据库中）

内存：虚拟内存稳定在1048M，物理内存占用在90M－94M。

CPU：最低占用8％，最高到45％；平时在10％－12％左右。

读取2000条记录大约耗时3－4秒，第一次用了6秒。

Redis

同样测试添加10万条数据：

内存，开始的时候忘记看了，大致较开始的虚拟内存占用112M，物理内存82M，在4万条记录的时候VM占用196M，物理内存占用163M，最后的时候VM占用237M，物理内存204M。

CPU：最低占用3％，最高的时候15％，平时在7％－11％之间。

当Redis向磁盘写入数据的时候，有变慢（2000条记录耗时21秒），平时存2000条记录大约耗时18－19秒左右。

不过没有设定maxmemory的时候，在大约写入 6万多个数据后服务器被挂掉。当设置最大使用内存（200M）后，达到内存限制，写入不了（已写入48136个数据），但是不会挂了。

Redis文件在写入48136个数据时候的大小（包括VM文件）：277M，其中VM 41M，数据库236M。

接着测试Redis读取10万条记录（非命中形式:该key大都不会存在数据库中）

内存：虚拟内存237M，物理内存占用204M

CPU：在26％－43％

读取2000条记录大约耗时在3－4秒。

Tokyo Tyrant

如上所述测试添加10万条数据：采用默认配置参数运行TT B+Tree

内存：初始的时候VM: 76928 物理内存: 1232，在插入的过程内存的增加很少，在插入到4万条记录的时候虚拟内存仅为99540，物理内存23M，到最后虚拟内存117M，物理内存37M。

CPU占用率始终稳定在2％

在插入到5万条记录前，平均插入2000条耗时约19－20秒，到8万条记录前时候，插入2000条耗时20－22秒，再接下来的2万条，平均插入2000条耗时在慢慢增加并有震荡，28秒，最后到42秒（B+Tree的索引节点在内存中满了？可能需要调整参数？）。

TT的数据库只有一个文件大小为：589M

接着测试TT读取10万条记录（非命中形式:该key大都不会存在数据库中）

内存稳定在：VM110M；物理内存36M。

CPU：最低2％，最高6％，平时在4％

读取2000条记录大约耗时在7－8秒，偶尔6秒或9秒。

小结：

MongoDB和Redis写入数据不是直接写入磁盘，所以当重启系统时候没有存盘的数据将全部丢失。TT实际上也有内存缓冲，不过和前者相比要小的多。

以上测试并不完善，只是一个开始，比如没有测试小数据（以数字作为key，100字节Value），没有测试较大的数据（20K左右）；没有测试在命中情况下的性能；没有测试并发读写的性能，据闻MongoDB的并发读写效率不是特别出色，MongoDB的特色在于支持的查询语言非常强大，其语法有点类似于面向对象的查询语言，几乎可以实现类似关系数据库单表查询的绝大部分功能，并实现了存储节点的自动sharding管理等配套功能；以及由于MongoDB是分布在多个文件中，当数据量远大内存，分布在足够多的文件的时候的性能；对开启同步日志后的Replication测试....对于TT来说，需要对TT的其它数据引擎进行测试，以及TT的各种数据引擎如何优化？TC/TT在mixi的实际应用当中，存储了2000万条以上的数据，同时支撑了上万个并发连接，是一个久经考验的项目。TC在保证了极高的并发读写性能的同时，具有可靠的数据持久化机制，同时还支持类似关系数据库表结构的hashtable以及简单的条件，分页和排序操作，是一个很棒的NoSQL数据库。TC的主要缺点是在数据量达到上亿级别以后，并发写数据性能会大幅度下降（读不受影响），NoSQL: If Only It Was That Easy提到，他们发现在TC里面插入1.6亿条2-20KB数据的时候，写入性能开始急剧下降。Redis本质上是一个Key-Value类型的内存数据库，很像memcached，整个数据库统统加载在内存当中进行操作，定期通过异步操作把数据库数据flush到硬盘上进行保存。因为是纯内存操作，Redis的性能非常出色，Redis最大的魅力是支持保存List链表和Set集合的数据结构，而且还支持对List进行各种操作，例如从List两端push和pop数据，取 List区间，排序等等，对Set支持各种集合的并集交集操作，此外单个value的最大限制是1GB，不像memcached只能保存1MB的数据，Redis可以用来实现很多有用的功能，比方说用他的List来做FIFO双向链表，实现一个轻量级的高性能消息队列服务，用他的Set可以做高性能的tag系统等等。另外Redis也可以对存入的Key-Value设置expire时间，因此也可以被当作一个功能加强版的memcached来用。

测试程序和详细记录见附件: testbench.tgz.zip

Refs:

* http://porteightyeight.com/2009/11/09/redis-benchmarking-on-amazon-ec2-flexiscale-and-slicehost/

* http://www.eb163.com/club/viewthread.php?tid=2470

* http://timyang.net/data/mcdb-tt-redis/

* http://www.javaeye.com/topic/524977

* http://bjclark.me/2009/08/04/nosql-if-only-it-was-that-easy/

本文链接

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